ITALIAN NEWS - Issue # 15, May

Italian News
Periodical On-Line that Promotes, Supports, Spreads ITALY,
and ITALIAN Language, History, Culture, Tradition, Genealogy,
Articles, Products, Services, Every Aspect of ITALIAN Life Style
by THE ITALIAN PROJECT

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Italian Regions

FRIULI - VENEZIA GIULIA
Official Website: www.regione.fvg.it

The Territory
The Territory: Friuli-Venezia Giulia is an autonomous region
of north-eastern Italy, bordering Austria and Slovenia, a
crossroads of the Latin, German and Slavic cultures. In the
North there are the Alps, while the territory along the coasts
is mostly plain. Between Trieste and the Alps there is a
wide, Karst plateau, the Carso, an important battlefield in
WWI, where innumerable Italian and Austrian soldiers lost
their lives. The economy is largely based on agriculture, the
main crops being maize, sugar-beet, wheat, soy beans, and
on the production of renowned wines. There are also many
medium- and small-sized industries in the chemical, textile
silk, paper and furniture sectors.

Info: Area: 7844 km² -- Population: 1.18 million inhabitants --
The Provinces: Province of Trueste (TS), Province of Gorizia
(GO), Province of Pordenone (PN), Province of Udine (UD)

History
The region was invaded by the Celts in the 5th century and
then in the 3rd century BC by the Romans, who in 181 BC
founded the important city of Aquileia. Under Augustus Friuli
was included in the Decima Regio, Venetia. In 452 Aquileia
was destroyed by barbarian invaders, then in the 6th century
BC under the Lombards a Dukedom was established with
capital Cividale. Other invaders, the Avari in the 7th century
destroyed the Lombard dukedom and its capital, but later on
Charlemagne included the region in the nation of Austria.
Invaded by the Hungarians in 828, was later under the
German emperors until 1420.

After that time, the region was included in the Republic of
Venice, until Napoleon with the Campoformio Treaty of 1797
gave it to the Austrians. Only after the Third War of Italian
Independence in 1866 Friuli was united to Italy, except for
the province of Gorizia, which was under Austrian rule until
1919.

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Italian Genealogy

HOW TO OBTAIN Information and
Documents of your Ancestors in ITALY

Here are our Step by Step, Detailed, and Useful
Suggestions:

1- Go to PAGINE BIANCHE.it Web Site, by clicking HERE.

2- In the "Cognome o nome Azienda" box, Write the word
"municipio", or "comune", or "archivio di stato", if you are
looking for Registry Offices and State Archives, or Write the
word "parrocchia", or "chiesa", or "curia", or "diocesi", or
"arcidiocesi", if you are looking for Parish Churches and
Dioceses, where to Request Information, and Documents,
as Extracts, Acts, Certificates of your ITALIAN Ancestors.

3- In the "Nome" box, Leave the space blank.

4- In the "Dove" box, Write the Names of the Towns, or
Provinces, or Regions of Birth, Matrimony, Death of your
ITALIAN Ancestors.

5- Click on the button "Cerca": a List of the Registry Offices
and State Archives, or of the Parish Churches and
Dioceses, with their full names, addresses, and telephone
numbers will appear!

They are the Places where you can Request Information,
and Documents, as Extracts, Acts, Certificates of your
Ancestors in ITALY!

6- Write Informal and Personal Letters in ITALIAN to all
them, with ALL Information, and Details!

If you are not able to write in ITALIAN, Click on ITALIAN
TRANSLATION, in this Page, and/or Contact us!

7- With your Letters to ITALY, include fees and costs for
each Certificate requested (just a few U.S. Dollars or Euro
Each), explain ALL the reasons for your Letters, and
indicate Full Names, and Dates or Years of Birth,
Matrimony, Death of your ITALIAN Ancestors that you are
requesting Information, and Documents, as Extracts, Acts,
Certificates, and wait for their Answers, and Results
(usually after two or three months, up to a year, depending
from cases and areas)!

HOW TO FIND Places of your Ancestors
and Living Relatives in ITALY

H OW TO CONTACT your Living Relatives
in ITALY

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Italian Recipes

Spaghetti with Tuna and Basil

Ingredients
3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
8 garlic cloves, minced
1/2 teaspoon crushed red pepper (optional)
35 ounces canned Italian peeled tomatoes, chopped, 1/2
cup liquid reserved
2 (6 ounce) cans imported tuna in olive oil, drained and
lightly flaked
Salt and freshly ground black pepper
1 pound spaghetti
1 tablespoon unsalted butter
1/2 cup shredded basil

Nutrition Info Per Serving
Calories: 552 kcal
Carbohydrates: 76 g
Dietary Fiber: 4 g
Fat: 12 g
Protein: 30 g
Sugars: 8 g

Cooking Directions
Heat the olive oil in a large skillet. Add the garlic and
crushed red pepper and cook over low heat until the garlic
is golden, about 3 minutes. Add the tomatoes and their
liquid and simmer over moderate heat, stirring
occasionally, until slightly thickened, about 7 minutes. Add
the tuna and simmer briefly to heat through; stir gently to
keep the tuna in large pieces. Season with salt and black
pepper and keep warm.

Cook the spaghetti in a large pot of boiling salted water,
stirring occasionally, until al dente. Reserve 1/4 cup of the
pasta cooking water. Drain the spaghetti and return it to the
pot. Add the butter and toss well, then add the tuna sauce,
reserved pasta cooking water and basil and toss again.
Season with salt and black pepper, transfer to a warmed
bowl and serve at once.

Yield
5 servings

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Italian Companies

Ferrero

Ferrero S.p.A.

Type: Family business
Founded: 1946
Headquarters: Pino Torinese, Piedmont, Italy
Pietro Ferrero, Chairman and Co-CEO
Giovanni Ferrero, Vice Chairman and Co-CEO
Industry: Food
Products: Confectionery
Revenue: ▲ €5.6 billion (2006)
Employees: 19,600
Official Website: www.ferrero.it

Ferrero SpA is an Italian manufacturer of chocolate and other confectionery products, founded by confectioner Pietro
Ferrero in 1946 and based in Pino Torinese(TO), Italy. The company has more than 19,000 employees and is still owned by
the Ferrero family.

History

Jar of Nutella

In 1946 Pietro Ferrero invented a cream of hazelnuts and cocoa, meant to be spread on bread, and called it Pasta
Gianduja. The product had a great success and therefore Ferrero created the new company to produce and market it.
[Note: The origins of Gianduja chocolate probably dates back to the Napoleonic war period, when cocoa beans were
scarce and ground hazelnuts were substituted. Ferrero did not invent gianduja.]

A similar product, sold under the name Nutella since 1964, became popular around the world, along with many other
products, including the chocolates Ferrero Rocher, Pocket Coffee, Mon Chéri, Giotto, Confetteria Raffaello coconut cream
candy, and the tic tac breath mints. A dark chocolate version of the Ferrero Rocher is also available, called the Ferrero
Rondnoir, which contains a pearl of dark chocolate in the center instead of a hazelnut, chocolate cream instead of Nutella
and cruchy chocolate bits instead of crushed hazelnuts. A coconut version is also available.

Ferrero also produces the Kinder product series, including Kinder Surprise (also known as "Kinder Eggs"), Fiesta Ferrero,
Kinder Chocolate bars, Kinder Happy Hippo, Kinder Maxi, Kinder Délice and Kinder Bueno.

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Italian Language

Indirect Subject Pronouns

Direct object nouns and pronouns answer the question
what? or whom? Indirect object nouns and pronouns
answer the question to whom? or for whom? In English the
word to is often omitted: We gave a cookbook to Uncle John.
—We gave Uncle John a cookbook. In Italian, the preposition
a is always used before an indirect object noun.

Abbiamo regalato un libro di cucina allo zio Giovanni. (We
gave a cookbook to Uncle John.)
Perché non regali un profumo alla mamma? (Why don’t you
give Mother some perfume?)
Puoi spiegare questa ricetta a Paolo? (Can you explain this
recipe to Paul?)

Indirect object pronouns (i pronomi indiretti) replace indirect
object nouns. They are identical in form to direct object
pronouns, except for the third person forms gli, le, and loro.

SINGULAR PLURAL
mi (to/for) me ci (to/for) us
ti (to/for) you vi (to/for) you
Le (to/for) you (formal m. and f.) Loro (to/for) you (form., m.
and f.)
gli (to/for) him loro (to/for) them
le (to/for) her

Indirect object pronouns, like direct object pronouns,
precede a conjugated verb, except for loro and Loro, which
follow the verb.

Le ho dato tre ricette. (I gave her three recipes.)
Ci offrono un caffè. (They offer us a cup of coffee.)
Parliamo loro domani. (We’ll talk to them tomorrow.)
Che cosa regali allo zio Giovanni? (What are you giving
Uncle John?)
Gli regalo un libro di cucina. (I'll give him a cookbook.)

Indirect object pronouns are attached to an infinitive, and
the –e of the infinitive is dropped.

Non ho tempo di parlargli. (I have no time to talk to him.)

If the infinitive is preceded by a form of dovere, potere, or
volere, the indirect object pronoun is either attached to the
infinitive (after the –e is dropped or placed before the
conjugated verb).

Voglio parlargli. Gli voglio parlare. I want to talk to him.

Le and gli never elide before a verb beginning with a vowel
or an h.

Le offro un caffè (I offer her a cup of coffee.)
Gli hanno detto «Ciao!» (They said "Ciao!" to him.)

The following common Italian verbs are used with indirect
object nouns or pronouns.

dare to give
dire to say
domandare to ask
(im)prestare to lend
insegnare to teach
mandare to send
mostrare to show
offrire to offer
portare to bring
preparare to prepare
regalare to give (as a gift)
rendere to return, give back
riportare to bring back
scrivere to write
telefonare to telephone

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Italian History

Italo-Peruviani (Italian-Peruvians)

Notable Italian Peruvians

Francisco Bolognesi Antonio Raimondi

Total Population
About 900,000 of mixed blood and around 400,000 of direct Italian descent.

Regions with Significant Populations
Arequipa, Callao (La Punta District), Lima, Tacna, Trujillo, Ica

Languages
Spanish, Italian

Religion
Roman Catholic

An Italian Peruvian is a Peruvian citizen of Italian descent. The phrase may refer to someone born in Peru of Italian
descent or to someone who has immigrated to Peru from Italy. Among European Peruvians, Italians were one of the
largest groups of immigrants to settle in the country.

History
In 1872, the Sociedad de Inmigración Europea ("European Immigration Society") was founded in Peru. Its objective was
promoting Old World immigration by covering the costs of their journeys and financially supporting them during their first
settler years in Peru. A massive influx of immigrants was expected, as had happened in the United States (3.5 million),
Argentina (2 million)and Brazil (1.5 million); However, the results were disappointing as only 313,000 Italians arrived
during the 20th century.

The regions where most of the Italian immigrants originated from were Piedmont, Lombardy, and Liguria[citation needed].
They worked at small family-run business (such as grocery stores) or in larger enterprises along with their fellow Italians,
as they were relatively skilled. Most of the Italo-peruvians came during or immediately after World War II. Most were not
mainstream Italians, but they came from the small fascist elite that had been displaced[citation needed]. Many Italian
Peruvians intermarried and many Italian Peruvian families are related[citation needed]. Most Italian Peruvians live in
Lima. As time passes on, the number of Italian Peruvians is decreasing and the culture diminishes.

Italian Peruvian Institutions and Associations
Colegio Antonio Raimondi
Asociación de descendientes de Italianos en el Perú
Instituto Cultural Italo-Peruano
Società Italiana d'IStruzione "Scuola Santa Margherita".
Associazione Lombardi del Peru
Associazione Liguri del Peru
Associazione Siciliani del Peru

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Italian Products

Mozzarella

Country of origin: Italy
Region, Town: Campania and elsewhere
Source of milk: Cow or water buffalo
Pasteurised: Sometimes
Texture: Semi-soft
Aging time: None
Certification: Mozzarella di Bufala Campana
STG and DOP 1996

Mozzarella is a generic term for several kinds of originally Italian cheeses that are made using spinning and then cutting
(hence the name; the Italian verb mozzare means "to cut"):

mozzarella di bufala, made from water buffalo milk, which in Europe is sold as mozzarella di bufala campana, a DOP
designation for the cheese made from buffalo milk produced in Campania
mozzarella fior di latte, made from fresh pasteurized or unpasteurized cow's milk
low-moisture mozzarella, which is made from whole or part skim milk, and widely used in the foodservice industry
smoked mozzarella

Fresh mozzarella is generally white, but may vary seasonally to slightly yellow depending on the animal's diet. It is a semi-
soft cheese. Due to its high moisture content, it is traditionally served the day it is made, but can be kept in brine for up to a
week, or longer when sold in vacuum-sealed packages. Low-moisture mozzarella can keep refrigerated for up to a month,
though some pre-shredded low-moisture mozzerella is sold with a shelf life of up to 6 months. Mozzarella of several kinds
are also used for most types of pizza, lasagna, or served with sliced tomatoes and basil in Insalata caprese.

Types
The mozzarella from bufala campana (DOP 1996) is a particular type of mozzarella; some consider it the best for flavour or
quality and it is protected by European DOP. It is a raw material in Italian style neapolitan Pizza - rather than mozzarella
made with pasteurized cow's milk.

Mozzarella is available fresh; it is usually rolled in the shape of a ball of 80 to 100 grams (6 cm diameter), sometimes up to
1 kilogram (about 12 cm diameter), and soaked in salted water or whey, sometimes with added citric acid, until sold.

Fior di latte (written also as fiordilatte) is used to distinguish the mozzarella made from cow's milk from that made from
buffalo's milk.

When slightly desiccated (partially dried), the structure becomes more compact; then it is better used to prepare dishes
cooked in the oven, for example lasagne.

When twisted to form a plait it is called treccia.

It is also available in smoked (called affumicata) and reduced-moisture packaged varieties.

There are now offered a number of variations, such as "stuffed mozzarella", filled with olives and cooked or raw ham, as
well as small tomatoes (pomodorini).

Production
The production of mozzarella involves the mixture of curd with heated whey, followed by stretching and kneading to
produce a delicate consistency -- this process is generally known as pasta filata. According to the Mozzarella di Bufala
trade association, "The cheesemaker kneads it with his hands, like a baker making bread, until he obtains a smooth, shiny
paste, a strand of which he pulls out and lops off, forming the individual mozzarella." It is then typically formed into ball
shapes or in plait. In Italy, a "rubbery" consistency is generally considered not satisfactory; the cheese is expected to be
softer.

Etymology
It has been said that the name "mozzarella", which is clearly derived from southern Italian dialects, was the diminutive
form of mozza (cut), or mozzare (to cut off) derived from the method of working. Other theories describe its origins as a
minor preparation of "scamozza" (Scamorza cheese), which in its turn probably derives from "scamozzata" ("without a
shirt"), with allusion to the fact that these cheeses have no hard surface covering typical of a dry cured cheese.

The term mozzarella is first found definitively mentioned in 1570, cited in a cookbook by Bartolomeo Scappi, reading
"…milk cream, fresh butter, ricotta cheese, fresh mozzarella and milk…"

An earlier reference is also often cited as describing mozzarella. Historian Monsignor Alicandri, in "Chiesa Metropolitana
di Capua", states that in the 12th century the Monastery of Saint Lorenzo, in Capua, offered pilgrims a piece of bread with
mozza or provatura. These are locations rather than products and mozza is taken by some to be mozzarella.

Nutritional Data
Amount of nutrients in 100g of edible portion of mozzarella, whole cow's milk:
Energy 1250 kJ / 300 kcal
Protein 22 g
Fats 22 g
Carbohydrates 2.2 g
Total sugars 1.0 g
Calcium, Ca 500 mg
Phosphorus, P 350 mg
Potassium, K 76 mg
Sodium, Na 630 mg

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Italian Latest News

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Famous Italians

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Garibaldi in 1866.

Born: July 4, 1807
Nice, First French Empire
Died: June 2, 1882 (aged 74)
Caprera, Kingdom of Italy
Nationality: French (1807–1814), Sardinian (1814–1861), Italian (1861–1866)
Occupation: Soldier
Known for Unification of Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 – June 2, 1882) was a French-born Italian military and political leader. In his twenties, he
joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection. He then contributed to
the independence of Uruguay, leading the Italian Legion in the Uruguayan Civil War, and afterwards returned to Italy as a
commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento.

He has been dubbed the "Hero of the Two Worlds" in tribute to his military expeditions in both South America and Europe.
He is considered an Italian national hero.

Biography

Early years

Garibaldi photo by Nadar.

Garibaldi was born on July 4, 1807 in the city of Nice ("Nizza" in Italian), at that time the capital of the French department of
Alpes-Maritimes, before it was given back to the Savoys, the rulers of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1814 with Napoleon's
defeat. In 1860, however, the Savoys returned the city to France (an action opposed by Garibaldi), in order to get French
aid in Italy's unification wars. Garibaldi's family was involved in coastal trade, and he was drawn to a life on the sea. He
participated actively in the community of the Nizzardo Italians and was certified in 1832 as a merchant marine captain.

A very influential day in Garibaldi's life came while visiting Taganrog, Russia, in April 1833, where he moored for ten days
with the schooner Clorinda and a shipment of oranges. In a seaport inn, he met Giovanni Battista Cuneo from Oneglia, a
political immigrant from Italy and member of the secret movement La Giovine Italia ("Young Italy"), founded by Giuseppe
Mazzini, an impassioned proponent of Italian unification as a liberal republic through political and social reforms. Garibaldi
joined the society, and took an oath of dedicating his life to struggle for liberation of his homeland from Austrian
dominance.

In Geneva in November 1833, Garibaldi met Mazzini himself, starting a relationship which later would become rather
troublesome. He joined the Carbonari revolutionary association. In February 1834 he participated in a failed Mazzinian
insurrection in Piedmont, was sentenced to death in absentia by a Genoese court, and fled to Marseilles.

Garibaldi and Anita memorialized in Praça Garibaldi, Azenha, Porto Alegre, Brazil

South American Adventures
After Tunisia, Garibaldi left for Brazil and took up the cause of independence of the Republic of Rio Grande do Sul (the
former Brazilian province of São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul), joining the gaucho rebels known as the farrapos (tatters)
against the newly independent Brazilian nation (see War of Tatters). During this war he encountered a woman, Ana Ribeiro
da Silva (best known as "Anita"), when the Tatter Army tried to proclaim another Republic in the Brazilian province of
Santa Catarina. In October 1839, Anita joined Garibaldi on his ship, the Rio Pardo. A month later, she fought at her lover's
side at the battles of Imbituba and Laguna.

In 1841, the couple moved to Montevideo, Uruguay, where Garibaldi worked as a trader and schoolmaster, and married
there the following year. They had four children, Menotti (born 1840), Rosita (born 1843), Teresita (born 1845) and Ricciotti
(born 1847). A skilled horsewoman, Anita is said to have taught Giuseppe about the gaucho culture of southern Brazil and
Uruguay. It was about this time he adopted his trademark clothing, the red shirt, cloak, and sombrero (hat) used by the
gauchos.

In 1842, Garibaldi took command of the Uruguayan fleet and raised an "Italian Legion" for the Uruguayan Civil War, aligned
with the liberal coalition of Uruguayan Colorados of Fructuoso Rivera and Argentine Unitarios (with substantive support of
France and United Kingdom) against the conservative forces of former Uruguayan president Manuel Oribe's Blancos and
Argentine Federales under the rule of Buenos Aires caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas. The Legion adopted a black flag
representing Italy in mourning, while the volcano at its center symbolized the dormant power in their homeland. Though
there is no contemporary mention of them, popular history asserts that it was in Uruguay that the legion first wore the red
shirts, said to have been obtained from a factory in Montevideo which had intended to export them to the slaughterhouses
of Argentina. It was to become the symbol of Garibaldi and his followers. Between 1842 and 1848 Garibaldi defended
Montevideo against forces led by Oribe. In 1845 he even managed to occupy Colonia del Sacramento and Isla Martín
García and led the controversial sack of Gualeguaychú. Adopting skillful tactics of guerrilla warfare, he achieved two
celebrated victories in the battles of Cerro and San Antonio del Santo in 1846.

The fate of his homeland, however, continued to concern Garibaldi. The election of Pope Pius IX in 1846 had caused a
sensation among Italian patriots, both at home and in exile. When news of the pope's initial reforms (which seemed to
identify him as the liberal pope prophesied by Vincenzo Gioberti, who would provide the leadership for the unification of
Italy) reached Montevideo, Garibaldi wrote the following letter:

If these hands, used to fighting, would be acceptable to His Holiness, we most thankfully dedicate them to the service of
him who deserves so well of the Church and of the fatherland. Joyful indeed shall we and our companions in whose name
we speak be, if we may be allowed to shed our blood in defence of Pio Nono's work of redemption

—(October 12, 1847)
Also Mazzini, from his exile, applauded the first reforms of Pius IX. In 1847 Garibaldi offered the apostolic nuncio at Rio de
Janeiro, Bedini, the service of his Italian Legion for the liberation of the peninsula. News of the outbreak of revolution in
Palermo in January 1848, and revolutionary agitation elsewhere in Italy encouraged Garibaldi to lead some 60 members of
his legion home.

Return to Italy and Second Exile

Garibaldi defends Rome against the French on 30 April 1849.

Giuseppe and Anita Garibaldi fleeing to San Marino.

Garibaldi returned to Italy amongst the turmoils of the revolutions of 1848, and offered his services to Charles Albert of
Sardinia. The monarch displayed some liberal inclinations, but treated Garibaldi with coolness and distrust. Rebuffed by
the Piedmontese, he and his followers crossed into Lombardy where they offered assistance to the provisional
government of Milan, which had rebelled against the Austrian occupation. In the course of the following, unsuccessful
First Italian War of Independence, he led his legion to two minor victories at Luino and Morazzone. After the crushing
Piedmontese defeat at Novara (March 23, 1849), Garibaldi moved to Rome to support the Republic which been proclaimed
in the Papal States, but a French force sent by Louis Napoleon (the future Napoleon III) threatened to topple it. At Mazzini's
urging, Garibaldi took up the command of the defence of Rome. His wife, Anita, fought with him. On April 30, 1849 the
Republican army, under the command of Garibaldi defeated a numerically far superior French army. Subsequently,
additional French reinforcements arrived and the siege of Rome began on June 1. Despite the resistance of the Republican
army, led by Garibaldi, the French prevailed on June 29. On June 30 the Roman Assembly met and debated three options:
to surrender; to continue fighting in the streets of Rome; to retreat from Rome and continue the resistance from the
Appennine mountains. Garibaldi made a speech in which he favored the third option and then said: Dovunque saremo,
colà sarà Roma. (Wherever we may be, there will be Rome).

A truce was negotiated on July 1, and on July 2 Garibaldi withdrew from Rome with 4,000 troops. The French Army entered
Rome on July 3 and reestablished the Holy See's temporal power. Garibaldi and his forces, hunted by Austrian, French,
Spanish, and Neapolitan troops, fled to the north with the intention to reach Venice, where the Venetians were still
resisting the Austrian siege. After an epic march, Garibaldi took momentary refuge in San Marino, with only 250 men still
following him. Anita, who was carrying their fifth child, died near Comacchio during the retreat.

The Americas
Garibaldi eventually managed to reach Portovenere, near La Spezia, but the Piedmontese government forced him to
emigrate abroad again.

After a stay in Tangier, he moved on to Staten Island[4], New York. He arrived on the 30th of July 1850, and stayed in exile
in an attempt to avoid publicity and exposure. His host was the inventor Antonio Meucci, where he spent some time
working as a candlemaker in his plant on Staten Island, but was dissatisfied by the result. Afterwards he made several
voyages as sea captain to the Pacific, the longest of which took two years from April of 1851, during which he visited
Andean revolutionary heroine Manuela Sáenz in Peru. Garibaldi left New York City for the last time in November of 1853.

Tyneside
On 21 March 1854, Garibaldi sailed into to the mouth of the River Tyne in north eastern England, as Master of the sailing
vessel Commonwealth. The ship had sailed from Baltimore and was flying the American flag when it docked and unloaded
its cargo in South Shields. Garibaldi, already a popular figure on Tyneside, was welcomed enthusiastically by the local
working class, although the Newcastle Courant reported that he refused an invitation to dine with dignitaries in nearby
Newcastle. As a memento of his stay in the area, an inscribed sword, paid for through public subscriptions, was
presented to Garibaldi. His grandson carried the sword to South Africa with him almost half a century later, when he
volunteered to fight for the British Army in the Boer War. In total, Garibaldi stayed in Tyneside for over a month, departing at
the end of April 1854.

Second Italian War of Independence

Garibaldi, in a popular colour lithograph

Garibaldi returned again to Italy in 1854. Using a small legacy from the death of his brother, he bought half of the Italian
island of Caprera (northern Sardinia), devoting himself to agriculture. In 1859, the Second Italian War of Independence
(also known as the Austro-Sardinian War) broke out in the midst of internal plots at the Sardinian government. Garibaldi
was appointed major general, and formed a volunteer unit named the Hunters of the Alps. Thenceforth, Garibaldi
abandoned Mazzini's republican ideal of the liberation of Italy, assuming that only the Piedmontese monarchy could
effectively achieve it.

With his volunteers, he won victories over the Austrians at Varese, Como, and other places.

Garibaldi was however very displeased as his home city of Nice (Nizza in Italian) was surrendered to the French, in return
for crucial military assistance. In April 1860, as deputy for Nice in the Piedmontese parliament at Turin, he vehemently
attacked Cavour for ceding Nice and the Nizzardo to Louis Napoleon, Emperor of the French. In the following years
Garibaldi (with other passionate Nizzardo Italians) promoted the Irredentism of his Nizza, even with riots (in 1872).

Campaign of 1860
On 24 January 1860, Garibaldi married a Lombard noblewoman, Giuseppina Raimondi, but left her immediately after the
wedding ceremony due to her infidelities.

At the beginning of April 1860, uprisings in Messina and Palermo in the absolutist Kingdom of the Two Sicilies provided
Garibaldi with an opportunity. He gathered about a thousand volunteers (called i Mille, or, as popularly known, the
Redshirts) in two ships, and landed at Marsala, on the westernmost point of Sicily, on May 11.

Swelling the ranks of his army with scattered bands of local rebels, Garibaldi led 800 of his volunteers to victory over a
1500-strong enemy force on the hill of Calatafimi on May 15. He used the counter-intutive tactic of an uphill bayonet charge;
however, he had seen that the hill on which the enemy had taken position was terraced, and the terraces gave shelter to
his advancing men. Although small by comparison with the coming clashes at Palermo, Milazzo and Volturno, this battle
was decisive in terms of establishing Garibaldi's power in the island; an apocryphal but realistic story had him say to his
lieutenant Nino Bixio, Qui si fa l'Italia o si muore, that is, Today we'll unite Italy, or die trying. The next day, he declared
himself dictator of Sicily in the name of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. He advanced then to Palermo, the capital of the island,
and launched a siege on May 27. He had the support of many of the inhabitants, who rose up against the garrison, but
before the city could be taken, reinforcements arrived and bombarded the city nearly to ruins. At this time, a British admiral
intervened and facilitated an armistice, by which the Neapolitan royal troops and warships surrendered the city and
departed.

Garibaldi had won a signal victory. He gained worldwide renown and the adulation of Italians. Faith in his prowess was
so strong that doubt, confusion, and dismay seized even the Neapolitan court. Six weeks later, he marched against
Messina in the east of the island. There was a ferocious and difficult battle at Milazzo, but Garibaldi won through. By the
end of July, only the citadel resisted.

Portrait of Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Having finished the conquest of Sicily, he crossed the Strait of Messina, under the nose of the Neapolitan fleet, and
marched northward. Garibaldi's progress was met with more celebration than resistance, and on September 7 he entered
the capital city of Naples. However, despite taking Naples, he had not to this point defeated the Neapolitan army.
Garibaldi's volunteer army of 24,000 was able to defeat the Neapolitan army (50,000 men including large drafts of Bavarian
mercenaries) on September 30th at the Battle of Volturno. This was the largest battle he ever fought and a genuine
masterpiece of defence and counter-attack; although the final decision was made by the enemy commander, King Francis
II, who refused to fight a second day against the advice of all his commanders: a classic case of one commander gaining
psychological predominance over another. Following this success, Garibaldi's plans were to march on to Rome, but he
was blocked by the Piedmontese, technically his ally but unwilling to risk war with France, whose army protected the
Pope. (The Piedmontese themselves had conquered most of the Pope's territories in their march south to meet Garibaldi,
but they had deliberately avoided Rome, his capital.) Garibaldi chose to hand over all his territorial gains in the south to
the Piedmontese and withdrew to Caprera and temporary retirement. Some modern historians consider the handover of
his gains to the Piedmontese as a political defeat, but he seemed willing to see Italian unity brought about under the
Piedmontese crown. The meeting at Teano between Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II is the most important event in
modern Italian history, but it is so shrouded in controversy that even the exact site where it took place is in doubt.

Aftermath
Garibaldi deeply disliked the Piedmontese Prime Minister, Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour. To an extent, he simply
mistrusted Cavour's pragmatism and realpolitik, but he also bore a personal grudge for trading away his home city of Nice
to the French the previous year. On the other hand, he felt attracted toward the Piedmontese monarch, who in his opinion
had been chosen by Providence for the liberation of Italy. In his famous meeting with Victor Emmanuel II at Teano on
October 26, 1860, Garibaldi greeted him as King of Italy and shook his hand. Garibaldi rode into Naples at the king's side
on November 7, then retired to the rocky island of Caprera, refusing to accept any reward for his services.

On October 5 Garibaldi set up the International Legion bringing together different national divisions of French, Poles,
Swiss, German and other nationalities, with a view not just of finishing the liberation of Italy, but also of their homelands.
With the motto "Free from the Alps to the Adriatic", the unification movement set its gaze on Rome and Venice. Mazzini
was discontented with the perpetuation of monarchial government, and continued to agitate for a republic. Garibaldi,
frustrated at inaction by the king, and bristling over perceived snubs, organized a new venture. This time, he intended to
take on the Papal States.

At the outbreak of the American Civil War (in 1861), Garibaldi volunteered his services to President Abraham Lincoln and
was invited to serve as a major general in the Union Army. Garibaldi then reconsidered saying that he would only serve
on two conditions:
That slavery would definitely be abolished
That he would be given full command of the army.
These conditions were impossible for Lincoln to accept and so the offer was quietly withdrawn.

Expedition against Rome
A challenge against the Pope's temporal domain was viewed with great distrust by Catholics around the world, and the
French emperor Napoleon III had guaranteed the independence of Rome from Italy by stationing a French garrison in Rome.
Victor Emmanuel was wary of the international repercussions of attacking the Papal States, and discouraged his subjects
from participating in revolutionary ventures with such intentions. Nonetheless, Garibaldi believed he had the secret
support of his government.

In June of 1862, he sailed from Genoa and landed at Palermo, seeking to gather volunteers for the impending campaign
under the slogan Roma o Morte (Rome or Death). An enthusiastic party quickly joined him, and he turned for Messina,
hoping to cross to the mainland there. When he arrived, he had a force of some two thousand, but the garrison proved
loyal to the king's instructions and barred his passage. They turned south and set sail from Catania, where Garibaldi
declared that he would enter Rome as a victor or perish beneath its walls. He landed at Melito on August 14, and marched
at once into the Calabrian mountains.

Far from supporting this endeavor, the Italian government was quite disapproving. General Cialdini dispatched a division
of the regular army, under Colonel Pallavicino, against the volunteer bands. On August 28 the two forces met in the rugged
Aspromonte. One of the regulars fired a chance shot, and several volleys followed, killing a few of the volunteers. The
fighting ended quickly, as Garibaldi forbade his men to return fire on fellow subjects of the Kingdom of Italy. Many of the
volunteers were taken prisoner, including Garibaldi, who had been wounded by a shot in the foot.

A government steamer took him to Varignano, where he was held in a sort of honorable imprisonment, and was compelled
to undergo a tedious and painful operation for the healing of his wound. His venture had failed, but he was at least
consoled by Europe's sympathy and continued interest. After being restored to health, he was released and allowed to
return to Caprera.

In 1864 he visited London, where his presence was received with enthusiasm by the population. He met the British prime
minister Henry Palmerston, as well as other revolutionaries then living in exile in the city. At that time, his ambitious
international project included the liberation of a range of occupied nations, such as Croatia, Greece, Hungary, but none of
them turned into reality.

Final Struggle with Austria, and Other Adventures

Bust of Garibaldi by Erminio Blotta.

Garibaldi took up arms again in 1866, this time with the full support of the Italian government. The Austro-Prussian War
had broken out, and Italy had allied with Prussia against Austria-Hungary in the hope of taking Venetia from Austrian rule
(Third Italian War of Independence). Garibaldi gathered again his Hunters of the Alps, now some 40,000 strong, and led
them into the Trentino. He defeated the Austrians at Bezzecca and made for Trento.

The Italian regular forces were defeated at Lissa on the sea, and made little progress on land after the disaster of Custoza.
An armistice was signed, by which Austria did cede Venetia to Italy, but this result was largely due to Prussia's
successes on the northern front. Garibaldi's advance through Trentino was for nought and he was ordered to stop his
advance to Trento. Garibaldi answered with a short telegram from the main square of Bezzecca with the famous motto:
Obbedisco! ("I obey!").

After the war, Garibaldi led a political party that agitated for the capture of Rome, the peninsula's ancient capital. In 1867,
he again marched on the city, but the Papal army, supported by a French auxiliary force, proved a match for his badly-
armed volunteers. He was taken prisoner, held captive for a time, and then again returned to Caprera.

When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in July 1870, Italian public opinion heavily favored the Prussians, and many
Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence. After the French garrison was recalled
from Rome, the Italian Army captured the Papal States without Garibaldi's assistance. Following the wartime collapse of
the Second French Empire at the battle of Sedan, Garibaldi, undaunted by the recent hostility shown to him by the men of
Napoleon III, switched his support to the newly-declared French Third Republic.

“ On 7 September [1870], within three days of the revolution of 4 September in Paris, he wrote to the Movimento of Genoa:
"Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means."

Subsequently, Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the Army of the Vosges, an army of volunteers that was
never defeated by the Prussians.

A statue of Garibaldi erected in Washington Square Park in New York City.

Death
Despite being elected again to the Italian parliament, Garibaldi spent much of his late years in Caprera. He however
supported an ambitious project of land reclamation in the marshy areas of southern Lazio.

In 1879 he founded the "League of Democracy", pushing forward the universal suffrage, the abolition of the ecclesiastical
property, and of the standing army. Ill and confined to a bed by arthritis, he made trips to Calabria and Sicily. In 1880 he
married Francesca Armosino, with whom he had previously had three children.

On his deathbed, Garibaldi asked that his bed be moved to where he could gaze at the emerald and sapphire sea. Upon
his death on June 2, 1882 at the ripe age of almost 75, his wishes for a simple funeral and cremation were not respected.

Writings
Garibaldi wrote at least two novels, characterized by an anti-clerical tone:
Clelia or Il governo dei preti (1867) english translation, t. 1 english translation, t. 2
Cantoni il volontario(1870)
I Mille (1873)
He also wrote non-fiction:
Autobiography (v. 1 1807-1849)
Memoirs, co-authored by Alexandre Dumas
A translation of his memoirs is The life of Garibaldi written by himself (New York: Barnes, 1859)

Legacy
Garibaldi's popularity, his skill at rousing the common people, and his military exploits are all credited with making the
unification of Italy possible. He also served as a global exemplar of mid-19th century revolutionary nationalism and
liberalism. But following the liberation of southern Italy from the Neapolitan monarchy, Garibaldi chose to sacrifice his
liberal republican principles for the sake of unification.

Garibaldi subscribed to the anti-clericalism common among Latin liberals and did much to circumscribe the temporal
power of the Papacy. His personal religious convictions are unclear to historians; in 1882 he wrote "Man created God, not
God created Man" yet in his autobiography he is quoted as saying "I am a Christian, and I speak to Christians- I am a true
Christian, and I speak to true Christians. I love and venerate the religion of Christ, because Christ came into the world to
deliver humanity from slavery..." and "you have the duty to educate the people- educate the people- educate them to be
Christians- educate them to be Italians... Viva Italia! Viva Christianity!".

An active freemason, Garibaldi had little use for rituals, but thought of masonry as a network to unite progressive men as
brothers both within nations and as members of a global community. He was eventually elected the grand master of the
Grand Orient of Italy.

Garibaldi Monument in Taganrog, Russia.

Giuseppe Garibaldi died at Caprera in 1882, where he was interred. Five ships of the Italian Navy have been named after
him, among which a World War II cruiser and the current flagship, the aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Statues of his likeness, as well as the handshake of Teano, stand in many Italian squares, and in other countries around
the world. On the top of the Gianicolo hill in Rome, there is a statue of Garibaldi on horse-back. His face was originally
turned in the direction of the Vatican (an allusion[citation needed] to his ambition to conquer the Papal States), but after the
Lateran Treaty in 1929 the orientation of the statue was changed upon request of the Vatican.

English football team Nottingham Forest designed their home kit after the uniform worn by Garibaldi and his men and have
worn a variation of this design since being founded in 1865.

In a recent book review in the New Yorker (July 9&16, 2007) of a Garibaldi biography, Tim Parks cites the eminent English
historian, A.J.P. Taylor, as saying, "Garibaldi is the only wholly admirable figure in modern history."

The Garibaldi biscuit was named after him, as was a style of beard.

The Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy has been awarded annually since 2007 within the Six Nations rugby union framework to the
victor of the match between France and Italy, in the memory of Garibaldi.

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CIAO! Hello Dear Friends of ITALY!

Enjoy This Issue of ITALIAN NEWS, Periodical On-Line that Promotes, Supports, Spreads ITALY,
and ITALIAN Language, History, Culture, Tradition, Genealogy, Articles, Products, Services, with Very Useful
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Many Thanks! Best Regards!

Your ITALIAN Friends,

Carlo Tognoni, founder, and Davide Tognoni, administrator
THE ITALIAN PROJECT www.theitalianproject.com

ITALIAN LANGUAGE: Lessons of Italian Grammar, Spelling, and Usage: Indirect Object
Pronouns
ITALIAN GENEALOGY: How to Obtain Information and Documents of your Ancestors in
Italy
ITALIAN REGIONS: Friuli - Venezia Giulia
ITALIAN PROVINCES: Trieste - Gorizia - Pordenone - Udine
ITALIAN RECIPES: Spaghetti with Tuna and Basil - Provencal Chicken
ITALIAN HISTORY: Italo-Peruviani (Italian-Peruvians)
FAMOUS ITALIANS: Giuseppe Garibaldi
ITALIAN COMPANIES: Ferrero
ITALIAN PRODUCTS: Mozzarella
ITALIAN LATEST NEWS: Life in Italy

In This Issue:

Issue # 15, May - June 2010

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Italian Recipes

Provencal Chicken

Ingredients
4 (5 ounce) boneless, skinless chicken breast halves
1/4 cup all-purpose flour
1/2 teaspoon salt, or to taste
Freshly ground pepper to taste
1 tablespoon extra-virgin olive oil
1 small onion, finely chopped
3 cloves garlic, minced
1/2 teaspoon anchovy paste (optional)
1/2 cup reduced-sodium chicken broth
1/4 cup dry white wine
1 (14.5 ounce) can diced tomatoes
1/4 cup chopped fresh basil
2 tablespoons chopped black olives

Nutrition Info Per Serving
Calories: 256 kcal
Carbohydrates: 12 g
Dietary Fiber: 1 g
Fat: 7 g
Protein: 30 g
Sugars: 4 g

Cooking Directions
Trim visible fat from chicken breasts. Remove the tenders
(the long thin flaps); reserve for another use. Place trimmed
chicken breasts between 2 pieces of plastic wrap. Pound
with a rolling pin, meat mallet or heavy skillet until flattened
to an even thickness, about 1/2 inch. Combine flour, salt
and pepper in a shallow glass dish. Dredge chicken in
seasoned flour, shaking off excess. (Discard any leftover
flour).

Heat oil in a large nonstick skillet over medium-high heat.
Add chicken and cook until well browned and no longer
pink in the center, 4 to 5 minutes per side. Transfer to a
plate, cover and keep warm.

Add onion, garlic and anchovy paste, if using, to the skillet;
cook over medium heat, stirring, for 1 minute. Add broth,
wine and tomatoes; bring to a simmer. Cook until slightly
thickened, 6 to 7 minutes. Stir in basil and olives. Return
the chicken and juices to the pan; reduce heat to low and
heat through. Spoon sauce over the chicken.

Yield
4 servings

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